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Answerman - What Are Some Japanese Superstitions?

Would getting wet from rain = getting sick count as a superstition? I know Japanese are far more obsessive about umbrella use than Americans are.

Big ears means you'll get rich.

With what [wicks] may one light [Shabbat lamps], and with what [wicks] may one not light? One may not light with moss [that grows in] cedars, nor with uncombed flax, nor with raw silk, nor with willow bast, nor with desert fiber, nor with weeds [growing] on water. Nor [may one light] with pitch, nor with wax, nor with castor oil, nor oil set for burning [consecrated oil that has become impure], nor with [the fat from] sheeps' tails, nor with forbidden fat. Nachum HaMadi says: One may light with boiled forbidden fat; but the Sages say: One may not light with forbidden fat whether it's boiled or not boiled.
One may not light with oil set for burning on festivals. Rabbi Yishmael says: Out of respect for Shabbat, one may not light with tar, but the Sages permit all [of the following] oils: Sesame oil, nut oil, radish [seed] oil, fish oil, gourd [seed] oil, tar, and naphtha. Rabbi Tarfon says: One may only light olive oil.
Of tree products, one may light only with flax. Of tree products, only flax [fashioned into a] shelter can contract impurity [if it surrounds a corpse]. [If] a slip of cloth has been folded but not singed, Rabbi Eliezer says it is subject to impurity and one may not light with it. Rabbi Akiva says:It is not subject to impurity [literally: it is pure], and one may light with it.
One may not perforate an eggshell, and fill it with oil, and place it over the lamp, so that it [oil] drips [therein], even if it is [made] of earthenware, but Rabbi Yehudah permits it. But if the potter had originally joined it, it is permissible because it is one utensil. One may not fill a bowl [with] oil and place it beside the lamp, and put the end of the wick into it, so that it draws [the oil], but Rabbi Yehudah permits it.
[If] one extinguishes the lamp because he is afraid of non-Jews, of bandits, of an evil spirit, or that the sick may sleep, he is exempt; but [if his intention is] to preserve the lamp, to preserve the oil, or to preserve the wick, he is liable. Rabbi Yose exempts in all [these cases] except the [act preserving the wick], because he thereby creates a coal.
Women die in childbirth for three transgressions: If they are not careful with [the laws] of menstruation; and if they are not careful [to separate some] dough [when baking to give to the priest]; and if they are not careful with the lighting of the [Shabbat] lamp.
At dusk on the eve of shabbat, a man must make three statements: Have you separated the tithe? Have you prepared the Eruv? Light the lamps! If it is uncertain whether it is night [dark] or not, one may not tithe [produce that is] certainly untithed; and one may not immerse vessels [in a Mikveh]; and one may not light the lamps. One may [however] tithe Demai; and one may prepare the Eruv, and one may cover [pots] of hot food.

I've heard the sneezing thing in America before. Though I see it more in anime than in everyday life.

Key wrote:

Would getting wet from rain = getting sick count as a superstition? I know Japanese are far more obsessive about umbrella use than Americans are.

I think it is quite probable you have lived most of your life in the midwest, where precipitation is scarce in comparison, Japan gets on average 1,668 mm of rain per year. The closest the USA gets is Hawaii with 1618 and in the continent Louisiana with 1528. California gets 563 and it is probably getting dryer each year.

...Those Kanji don't look remotely similar.

I almost never see even fictional stories in the States about people getting feverish or even deathly ill just from being caught in the rain once, yet those are wide-spread in anime, and I've read forum accounts of Japanese marveling that foreigners would dare go out in even a mild rain without an umbrella.